Thermoelectric Module: Converting Heat into Useful Energy
A thermoelectric module, also known as a Peltier device, is an innovative solid-state component that directly converts temperature differences into electrical energy—or vice versa—using the thermoelectric effect. It operates without any moving parts, making it a reliable and environmentally friendly technology for both cooling and power generation applications.
At its core, a thermoelectric module consists of multiple pairs of n-type and p-type semiconductor elements connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. When a voltage is applied, one side of the module absorbs heat (creating a cooling effect), while the other side releases it. Conversely, when a temperature difference is applied, the module generates an electric current. This dual functionality allows it to serve as both a cooling device and a power generator.
Thermoelectric modules are widely used in portable coolers, laser diodes, sensors, and electronic devices where precise temperature control is essential. In recent years, they have gained attention in waste heat recovery systems, converting excess heat from automotive engines or industrial processes into usable electricity—enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability.